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Related Concept Videos

Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Embryo Transfer Surgery via Laparotomy in Gilts
05:41

Embryo Transfer Surgery via Laparotomy in Gilts

Published on: October 18, 2024

Luteal insufficiency in first trimester.

Duru Shah1, Nagadeepti Nagarajan

  • 1Gynaecworld and Gynaecworld Assisted Fertility Unit Mumbai, Gynaecworld, Mumbai, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Luteal phase insufficiency, a cause of implantation failure, can be treated with progesterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin. Additional agents like ascorbic acid show no proven benefit for luteal phase support.

Keywords:
Assisted reproductionhuman chorionic gonadotrophinluteal phase supportmiscarriageprogesterone

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Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure
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Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Infertility Research

Background:

  • Luteal phase insufficiency contributes to implantation failure, miscarriage, and assisted reproduction setbacks.
  • Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid disorders, and prolactin issues are associated with luteal phase defects.
  • Assisted reproduction techniques can iatrogenically induce a low progesterone environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze published literature on luteal phase support strategies.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments for luteal phase insufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on luteal phase support.
  • Analysis of published data on treatments for recurrent miscarriage and assisted reproduction.

Main Results:

  • Progestational agents (progesterone, human chorionic gonadotrophin) are effective for women with recurrent miscarriage.
  • No proven benefit of additional agents (ascorbic acid, estrogen, prednisolone) alongside progesterone.
  • Optimal luteal phase support treatment requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment of underlying disorders and progesterone/hCG administration are key for luteal phase insufficiency.
  • Current evidence does not support the use of adjunctive therapies like ascorbic acid, estrogen, or prednisolone.
  • Further research is essential to determine the optimal luteal phase support protocols.