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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

Particle based vaccine formulations for transcutaneous immunization.

Ankit Mittal¹, Anne S Raber, Claus-Michael Lehr

¹Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Saarland University; Saarbruecken, Germany.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

|June 20, 2013

Summary

Particle-based vaccines combined with transcutaneous immunization (TCI) offer needle-free delivery and improved antigen presentation. Overcoming the skin barrier is key for effective TCI vaccine formulations.

Keywords:

adjuvant delivery dermabrasion jet injector microneedle microparticles nanoparticles transfollicular

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Published on: August 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Nanotechnology and immunology
Vaccine delivery systems
Dermatology

Background:

Nanoparticles (NP) and microparticles (MP) enhance vaccine stability, controlled release, and immunogenicity.
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) offers needle-free application and potentially superior immune responses compared to intramuscular injections.
Combining particle-based vaccines with TCI presents a promising strategy for improved vaccine delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review strategies for overcoming the stratum corneum (SC) barrier for effective TCI with particle-based vaccines.
To highlight methods for enhancing antigen delivery through the skin.
To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various TCI approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of current strategies for transcutaneous antigen delivery.
Exploration of transfollicular delivery methods.
Investigation of stratum corneum (SC) barrier disruption techniques.
Evaluation of particle-based vaccines combined with adjuvants for TCI.

Main Results:

Particle-based vaccines and TCI face challenges in penetrating the stratum corneum (SC) for adequate antigen delivery.
Various strategies are being developed to enhance transcutaneous antigen delivery, including transfollicular routes and SC barrier disruption.
Some methods are experimental, while others are in clinical trials, demonstrating successful transcutaneous antigen delivery.

Conclusions:

Effective transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with particle-based vaccines requires overcoming the skin's stratum corneum (SC) barrier.
Multiple innovative strategies are emerging to facilitate antigen penetration for TCI.
Successful transcutaneous antigen delivery has been demonstrated across various investigated methods.