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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Hyperglycemic crisis.

Ronald Van Ness-Otunnu1, Jason B Hack

  • 1Emergency Care Center, Sturdy Memorial Hospital, Attleboro, Massachusetts.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|June 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperglycemic crisis, a severe complication of uncontrolled diabetes, requires immediate medical intervention. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality in emergency settings.

Keywords:
diabetesdiabetic ketoacidosishyperglycemic crisishyperglycemic emergencyhyperosmolar hyperglycemic statemetabolic acidosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hyperglycemic crisis is a life-threatening metabolic emergency in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
  • It necessitates critical care and hospitalization, contributing to rising global healthcare costs.
  • Despite advances, the prevalence of diabetes and its complications continue to increase worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide diagnostic and resolution criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crisis.
  • To outline management strategies for hyperglycemic crisis.
  • To discuss prevalence, pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current clinical research.
  • Development of a concise management algorithm for emergency physicians.
  • Discussion of differential diagnosis and evaluation protocols.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic and resolution criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crisis are detailed.
  • Comprehensive management strategies are presented.
  • An evidence-based management algorithm is offered for practical application.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency physicians play a vital role in managing severe diabetes complications.
  • Refined treatment guidelines improve management and outcomes for hyperglycemic crisis.
  • Continuous efforts in research and guideline development enhance patient care in emergency departments.