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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

A novel frequency control scheme for comb-referenced sensitive difference-frequency-generation spectroscopy.

Kana Iwakuni1, Sho Okubo, Hiroyuki Sasada

  • 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan. k.iwakuni@z7.keio.jp

Optics Express
|June 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new method for sensitive spectroscopy using a difference-frequency-generation source referenced to an optical frequency comb. This technique significantly improves the accuracy of absolute frequency measurements for molecular transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Optical Physics

Background:

  • Sensitive spectroscopy requires precise frequency control and measurement.
  • Optical frequency combs (OFCs) provide a stable and accurate frequency reference.
  • Difference-frequency-generation (DFG) sources are versatile for generating specific optical frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel scheme for frequency scanning and wavelength modulation of a DFG source.
  • To enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of comb-referenced spectroscopy.
  • To apply the technique for precise absolute frequency measurements of molecular transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Phase-locking pump and signal frequencies of the DFG source to an OFC.
  • Modulating the signal wave's offset frequency for wavelength modulation.
  • Sweeping the idler wave frequency by adjusting the OFC's repetition frequency for signal accumulation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a novel scheme for frequency scan and wavelength modulation in DFG spectroscopy.
  • Successfully applied the technique to measure absolute frequencies of CH3I ν(1) band transitions.
  • Reduced frequency determination uncertainty by an order of magnitude compared to previous work.

Conclusions:

  • The presented comb-referenced DFG spectroscopy scheme offers enhanced precision.
  • This method is effective for high-accuracy measurements of weak molecular transitions.
  • The technique represents a significant advancement in sensitive spectroscopic measurements.