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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

A high-performing solution-processed small molecule:perylene diimide bulk heterojunction solar cell.

Alexander Sharenko¹, Christopher M Proctor, Thomas S van der Poll

¹Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 22, 2013

Summary

Researchers developed efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells using a novel molecular donor and perylene diimide acceptor. This advancement highlights the potential of small-molecule organic photovoltaics for future energy applications.

Keywords:

bulk heterojunction solar cells non-fullerene acceptors perylene diimide small molecules

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

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Published on: September 8, 2017

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

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Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Photovoltaics

Background:

Organic solar cells (OSCs) offer potential for low-cost, flexible energy generation.
Non-fullerene acceptors are emerging as promising alternatives to traditional fullerene-based materials in OSCs.
Small-molecule donors combined with non-fullerene acceptors represent a key area for OSC development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the performance of a bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell system.
To evaluate the power conversion efficiency (PCE) using a specific molecular donor and a perylene diimide acceptor.
To understand the factors limiting PCE in this non-fullerene system.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of organic solar cells using the molecular donor p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 and a perylene diimide acceptor.
Characterization of device performance, including power conversion efficiency (PCE).
Comparative analysis of device performance against systems using fullerene acceptors (e.g., phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester).

Main Results:

Achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.0% with the p-DTS(FBTTh2)2:perylene diimide system.
This PCE ranks among the highest reported for non-fullerene organic solar cells.
Reduced PCE compared to fullerene-based systems was attributed to a significant decrease in internal quantum efficiency (IQE).

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates the significant potential of small-molecule:non-fullerene bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics.
Further optimization is needed to improve IQE and overall device performance.
This work contributes to the advancement of efficient and viable organic solar cell technologies.