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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

A double take on bivalent promoters.

Philipp Voigt¹, Wee-Wei Tee, Danny Reinberg

¹Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Genes & Development

|June 22, 2013

Summary

Bivalent domains, marked by H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in embryonic stem cells, poise developmental genes. This study explores their role in safeguarding robust cell differentiation.

Keywords:

Polycomb Trithorax bivalent domains chromatin embryonic stem cells

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

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Published on: June 28, 2018

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Split-BioID — Proteomic Analysis of Context-specific Protein Complexes in Their Native Cellular Environment

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Published on: April 20, 2018

Area of Science:

Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
Developmental Biology
Chromatin Biology

Background:

Histone modifications and chromatin complexes control gene expression, cell fate, and differentiation.
Embryonic stem cells feature bivalent domains (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) at developmental gene promoters, poised for expression.
Bivalent domains maintain repression without differentiation signals, allowing timely gene activation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the establishment and function of bivalent domains in development.
To address the controversy surrounding the role of bivalent domains in development.
To propose that bivalent domains safeguard proper and robust differentiation.

Main Methods:

Exploration of pathways leading to and from bivalency.
Analysis of chromatin-associated protein complexes.
Investigation of histone modification signatures (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3).

Main Results:

Bivalent domains are a key feature of developmental gene regulation in embryonic stem cells.
The precise role of bivalent domains in organismal development requires further investigation.
Bivalent domains and associated complexes are proposed to ensure robust differentiation processes.

Conclusions:

Bivalent domains play a critical role in poising developmental genes for timely activation.
The study highlights the need for genetic models to fully understand bivalent domain function in vivo.
Bivalent domains are essential for safeguarding proper and robust cell differentiation.