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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
05:20

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration

Published on: March 31, 2023

Age-related changes affect rat rotator cuff muscle function.

Johannes F Plate1, Lauren A Pace2, Thorsten M Seyler3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|June 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Normal aging significantly weakens rotator cuff muscle strength and reduces key regulatory protein expression in rats. This study highlights age-related declines in supraspinatus muscle function and molecular markers.

Keywords:
AgeBasic ScienceIn Vivo Animal Studyelectromyographyfunctional assessmentmyogenic regulatory factorsshouldersupraspinatus

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Muscle Physiology
  • Biomedical Research
  • Aging Studies

Background:

  • The impact of aging on rotator cuff function and muscle structure is not well understood.
  • This study investigates age-related changes in rotator cuff function, muscle structure, and protein expression using a rat model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the influence of normal aging on rotator cuff neuromuscular function, muscle structure, and regulatory protein expression.
  • To establish age-related changes in supraspinatus muscle force production and molecular markers in a rat model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 17 rats (11 middle-aged, 6 old) from the National Institute on Aging.
  • Assessed in vivo rotator cuff neuromuscular function via muscle force testing and electromyography (EMG).
  • Quantified muscle structure and molecular changes using immunohistochemistry for myogenic determination factor 1 (MyoD) and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5).

Main Results:

  • Old rats exhibited significantly decreased peak tetanic muscle force at 0.5 N and 0.7 N preload tensions.
  • Animal age significantly influenced muscle force, accounting for 20.9% of variance (P = .026).
  • Decreased expression of MyoD and Myf5 was observed in old rats compared to middle-aged rats (P < .05).

Conclusions:

  • Normal aging significantly impairs supraspinatus muscle contractile strength and reduces expression of key regulatory factors in this rat model.
  • High preload tensions exacerbated force production decline in both middle-aged and old rats.