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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
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Published on: May 3, 2024

Cell death by cornification.

Leopold Eckhart1, Saskia Lippens2, Erwin Tschachler1

  • 1Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|June 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epidermal keratinocytes undergo programmed cell death via cornification to form the skin barrier. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms prevent premature cell death, maintaining epidermal homeostasis.

Keywords:
ApoptosisCornificationFLGIKKIκB kinaseKKLKKeratinocyteNF-κBNMFsNecrosisRIPKSCSGTAK1TGFβ-activated kinaseTGaseTNFTUNELUCAfilaggrinkallikreinkeratinnatural moisturizing factorsreceptor interacting protein kinasestratum corneumstratum granulosumterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelingtransglutaminasetumor necrosis factorurocanic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Dermatology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Epidermal keratinocytes differentiate terminally into corneocytes.
  • Cornification forms the protective skin barrier, hair, and nails.
  • This process involves coordinated gene expression and structural modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of cornification as programmed cell death.
  • To explore anti-cell death mechanisms in keratinocytes.
  • To highlight the importance of epidermal homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cornification processes.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns during differentiation.
  • Examination of protein cross-linking and extracellular modifications.

Main Results:

  • Cornification involves keratin filament scaffolding and cornified envelope formation.
  • Extracellular modifications include protease-mediated shedding and lipid barrier formation.
  • Keratinocytes employ anti-apoptotic and anti-necroptotic pathways to prevent premature death.

Conclusions:

  • Cornification is a specialized form of programmed cell death crucial for skin barrier function.
  • Understanding anti-cell death mechanisms is key to epidermal homeostasis.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate all mechanistic aspects of keratinocyte death during cornification.