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Updated: May 10, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Clinical and epidemiological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil
Luciana Kikuchi1, Aline L Chagas, Regiane Ssm Alencar
1São Paulo Clínicas Liver Cancer Group, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
Abstract:
The global hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is widely variable, depending on geographic region and the prevalence of major risk factors. In Brazil, two large multicentre retrospective studies were performed to investigate clinical and epidemiological aspects of HCC. In the first study, performed in 1997, HCC was found in cirrhotic livers in 71% of cases. Chronic alcoholism was present in 36% of cases, chronic hepatitis B in 35% and hepatitis C in 25%. In a 2010 survey, cirrhosis was present in 98% of cases and HCV was the main aetiology (54%). Differences in HBV prevalence were found among regions. Selection of HCC treatment depends on tumour burden, liver function and performance status. Liver transplantation (LT) is the best available curative treatment for HCC in its early stage and with compromised liver function. After modifications in priority policy, the number of patients with early HCC submitted for LT has increased in the past 5 years in Brazil. Chemoembolization is the most common initial HCC therapy in early and intermediate stages of HCC in Brazil.
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