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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

Relationship between thrombus attenuation and different stroke subtypes.

J M Niesten¹, I C van der Schaaf, G J Biessels

¹Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP 01.132, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands. jmniesten@gmail.com

|June 25, 2013

Summary

Hyperdense vessel signs and thrombus density on CT scans are linked to specific acute ischemic stroke subtypes. Higher density and presence of these signs correlate with large artery atherosclerosis and dissection over cardioembolism.

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A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model

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Published on: June 4, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Radiology
Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

Understanding thrombus formation is crucial for treating acute ischemic stroke.
Investigating imaging markers can improve stroke subtyping and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the relationship between hyperdense vessel sign and thrombus density.
To determine if these imaging findings differ across stroke subtypes.

Main Methods:

123 acute ischemic stroke patients with CT-angiography confirmed occlusion were analyzed.
Hyperdense vessel sign presence and thrombus density (HU, rHU) were measured.
Findings were correlated with stroke etiologies: cardioembolism, large artery atherosclerosis, and dissection.

Main Results:

Hyperdense vessel sign prevalence varied significantly by subtype (45% cardioembolism, 64% atherosclerosis, 93% dissection).
Thrombus density (HU and rHU) was significantly higher in dissection and large artery atherosclerosis compared to cardioembolism.
This density ranking persisted even when the hyperdense vessel sign was present.

Conclusions:

Hyperdense vessel sign and thrombus density are significant imaging biomarkers.
These markers are demonstrably related to the underlying stroke subtype, aiding in etiopathogenesis insights.