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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

U2O5 Film Preparation via UO2 Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

U₂O₅ Film Preparation via UO₂Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

Published on: February 21, 2019

Oxo-group-14-element bond formation in binuclear uranium(V) Pacman complexes.

Guy M Jones¹, Polly L Arnold, Jason B Love

¹EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3 JJ, UK.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|June 25, 2013

Summary

New methods functionalize uranium(V)-oxo groups using Group 14 elements. Researchers created novel uranium(V) complexes, including rare uranium/tin compounds, via versatile oxo-metalation routes.

Keywords:

macrocyclic ligands metalation structure elucidation synthesis design uranium

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Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Organometallic Chemistry
Uranium Chemistry

Background:

Uranium(V) complexes are less explored than Uranium(VI).
Functionalization of uranyl oxo groups presents synthetic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop simple and versatile routes for functionalizing uranyl-derived U(V)-oxo groups.
To synthesize and characterize novel uranium(V) complexes with Group 14 elements.

Main Methods:

Direct combination of uranyl(VI) precursors with macrocyclic ligands.
Reactions of uranium(V)-oxo complexes with organotin and titanium alkoxide reagents.

Main Results:

Synthesis of oxo-lithiated, binuclear uranium(V)-oxo complexes.
Preparation of binuclear uranium(V) oxo-stannylated complexes, rare mixed uranium/tin compounds.
Formation of U-O-C bonds through uranium-oxo-group exchange with titanium alkoxides.

Conclusions:

Established the first family of uranium(V) complexes functionalized by Group 14 elements.
Demonstrated versatile reactivity of uranium(V)-oxo groups for C-U and Sn-U bond formation.