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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...

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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Published on: February 5, 2018

Adderall® (amphetamine-dextroamphetamine) toxicity.

Kevin T Fitzgerald1, Alvin C Bronstein

  • 1VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, Denver, CO 80247 , USA. kfitzgerald@aevh.com

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
|June 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adderall (amphetamine dextroamphetamine) overdose in dogs presents with hyperactivity, hyperthermia, and seizures. Prompt veterinary treatment focusing on central nervous system and cardiovascular signs improves prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 3-7% of US school-aged children, with Adderall (amphetamine dextroamphetamine) being a common prescription.
  • Adderall is a DEA Schedule II controlled substance with high abuse potential, often misused by college students for cognitive enhancement.
  • Standard human dosage ranges from 5-60 mg daily, acting via norepinephrine release to stimulate adrenergic receptors.

Observation:

  • Amphetamine and analogue overdose in humans and dogs can cause hyperactivity, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, tremors, and seizures.
  • In dogs, Adderall intoxication may also lead to hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, neutrophil hypersegmentation, and mild thrombocytopenia.
  • Diagnosis involves detecting amphetamine in biological samples or positive illicit drug tests.

Findings:

  • Clinical signs of Adderall overdose in dogs include hyperactivity, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, tremors, and seizures.
  • Specific canine findings include hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, hypersegmentation of neutrophils, and mild thrombocytopenia.
  • Treatment focuses on managing life-threatening central nervous system and cardiovascular effects, with seizures controlled by benzodiazepines and arrhythmias by beta-blockers.

Implications:

  • Prompt veterinary intervention is crucial for managing life-threatening signs of Adderall intoxication in dogs.
  • Intravenous fluids are vital for managing hyperthermia, supporting renal function, and promoting drug elimination.
  • Prognosis is contingent on the severity and duration of clinical signs at presentation, necessitating consideration of differential diagnoses causing similar symptoms.