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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

The Northland emergency meningococcal C vaccination programme.

Clair Mills1, Liane Penney

  • 1Northland District Health Board, Private Bag 9742, Whangarei 0148, New Zealand. clair.mills@northlanddhb.org.nz

The New Zealand Medical Journal
|June 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

An emergency meningococcal C vaccination program in New Zealand achieved 73% coverage, demonstrating that high vaccination rates are possible. Outreach services were crucial for reaching diverse populations and reducing barriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Meningococcal group C outbreaks pose a significant public health risk.
  • Emergency vaccination programs are critical for controlling infectious disease outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe an emergency meningococcal C vaccination program in Northland, New Zealand.
  • To achieve 85% vaccination coverage in children and youth aged 12 months to <20 years.

Main Methods:

  • Targeted an estimated population of 44,000 children and youth.
  • Utilized a multi-pronged delivery strategy including schools, general practices, community clinics, and home-based services.
  • Employed a meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine.

Main Results:

  • Vaccinated 32,410 individuals, achieving 73% overall coverage (72% Maori, 75% non-Maori).
  • Coverage varied by age, ethnicity, school decile, and location.
  • Highest coverage in 5 to <13 years (84% Maori, 81% non-Maori); lowest in 17 to <20 years (46% Maori, 63% non-Maori).

Conclusions:

  • Equitable, high vaccination coverage is achievable during emergency programs in New Zealand.
  • Diverse service delivery options, including outreach, are essential to overcome access barriers.
  • The program provided valuable insights into adapting services for diverse population needs.