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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
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Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Neurocognitive functioning in bipolar depression: a component structure analysis.

P Gallagher1, J M Gray1, S Watson1

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience (Academic Psychiatry), Newcastle University, UK.

Psychological Medicine
|June 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Depressed patients with bipolar disorder (BD) show significantly impaired neurocognitive performance compared to healthy individuals, particularly in processing speed and memory functions. This study highlights the need for comprehensive cognitive assessments in BD.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research on bipolar disorder (BD) primarily examined cognitive function during euthymia.
  • Cognitive deficits are a core feature of BD, impacting daily functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the neurocognitive profile of patients with BD in a depressed state to healthy controls.
  • To explore the underlying factor structure of neurocognitive processes in both groups.

Main Methods:

  • Administered a battery of cognitive tests assessing attention, executive function, memory, and psychomotor speed to 53 BD patients and 47 healthy controls.
  • Utilized principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate the cognitive factor structure.
  • Assessed performance using statistical significance, effect sizes, and percentile ranks.

Main Results:

  • Depressed BD patients exhibited significantly poorer performance across multiple cognitive domains compared to controls.
  • Large effect sizes were observed in processing speed, verbal learning, and executive/working memory.
  • A substantial proportion of BD patients (20-50%) performed below the fifth percentile of controls in key cognitive areas, with PCA revealing fewer and less specific cognitive components in patients.

Conclusions:

  • Neurocognitive function is markedly reduced in individuals with BD during depressive episodes.
  • Findings underscore the importance of employing diverse analytical methods to understand cognitive impairments in BD.
  • Highlights the interconnectedness of cognitive processes and suggests avenues for future research.