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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

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Neurophysiological responses to schizophrenia-associated communication abnormalities.

Michael W Best¹, Christopher R Bowie

¹Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Canada.

Schizophrenia Research

|June 27, 2013

Summary

Awareness of a schizophrenia diagnosis alters how people process abnormal speech. Listeners showed no N400 brain response to disordered speech when they knew the speaker had schizophrenia, unlike when unaware.

Keywords:

Communication abnormalities N400 Schizophrenia Social exclusion Stigma Thought disorder

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychology
Psychiatry

Background:

Schizophrenia often causes interpersonal difficulties due to communication abnormalities.
Listener expectations based on a schizophrenia diagnosis can influence social interactions.
The auditory N400 event-related potential measures responses to incongruent speech.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how awareness of a schizophrenia diagnosis affects neural responses to abnormal speech.
To explore the role of expectancy effects in processing disordered communication.

Main Methods:

Participants listened to speech with normal, approximated, or novel words.
Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded brain activity, specifically the N400.
Participants were randomized into two groups: informed or uninformed about the speaker's schizophrenia diagnosis.

Main Results:

A significant N400 response was observed for approximated and novel words when participants were unaware of the speaker's diagnosis.
No significant N400 response occurred when participants knew the speaker had schizophrenia.

Conclusions:

Knowledge of a schizophrenia diagnosis creates an expectancy effect, altering neurological responses to abnormal speech.
This suggests listeners anticipate abnormality from individuals with schizophrenia, impacting social interactions.
Findings have implications for understanding social exclusion in schizophrenia.