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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model
08:20

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model

Published on: June 30, 2023

Physiologic effects of dry needling.

Barbara Cagnie1, Vincent Dewitte, Tom Barbe

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 3B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. barbara.cagnie@ugent.be

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|June 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dry needling (DN) is increasingly popular, but its physiological mechanisms remain unclear. This review examines DN

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model
08:20

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model

Published on: June 30, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Physiotherapy
  • Neurology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Dry needling (DN) is a widely used therapy with growing clinical interest.
  • Evidence regarding the precise physiological mechanisms of DN is limited.
  • Existing research in acupuncture settings may not directly apply to DN.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on the effects of dry needling.
  • To explore potential underlying physiological mechanisms of DN.
  • To identify research gaps and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on dry needling effects and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies in relation to myofascial trigger point pathophysiology (taut band, ischemia, hypoxia, sensitization).

Main Results:

  • Clinical effects of dry needling are recognized, but robust evidence on mechanisms is lacking.
  • Potential mechanisms involve addressing myofascial trigger point components like taut bands and local ischemia.
  • Central and peripheral sensitization may also be influenced by dry needling.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the exact physiological mechanisms of dry needling.
  • Understanding these mechanisms will enhance clinical application and therapeutic outcomes.
  • Future studies should focus on the specific effects of DN on myofascial pain pathophysiology.