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Updated: May 10, 2026

Toxicity Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Cell Culture and in Drosophila melanogaster
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Hepatocyte cytotoxicity evaluation with zinc oxide nanoparticles.

A Ra Kim1, Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed, Gun Young Jung

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea.

Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology
|June 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Zinc oxide nanoparticles show dose-dependent toxicity against liver cancer cells (HepG2) by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing apoptosis. This suggests potential for ZnO in cancer therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Innate immunity involves leukocytes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can induce cancer cell death.
  • Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles exhibit anti-cancer properties via ROS production, potentially targeting cancer cells more effectively.
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant health concern, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
  • To determine the optimal ZnO nanoparticle size and treatment time for anti-cancer effects.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of ZnO-induced cell death, including apoptosis and ROS regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Cytotoxicity assays were performed on HepG2 cells using ZnO nanoparticles of varying sizes (5, 50, 100 nm).

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  • Apoptosis induction was assessed to understand the cell death pathway.
  • Intracellular ROS levels were measured to correlate ROS production with ZnO nanoparticle treatment.

    • Main Results:

    • ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated a dose-dependent toxic effect on HepG2 cells, regardless of particle size.
    • The study identified optimal conditions for ZnO nanoparticle treatment against HCC.
    • Increased intracellular ROS production and apoptosis were observed in ZnO-treated HepG2 cells.

    Conclusions:

    • ZnO nanoparticles exhibit significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
    • The anti-cancer effect is mediated by ROS generation and induction of apoptosis.
    • ZnO nanoparticles represent a promising therapeutic agent for HCC treatment.