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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice
10:47

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

Published on: April 14, 2011

Identifying the interaction between influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia using incidence data.

Sourya Shrestha1, Betsy Foxman, Daniel M Weinberger

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. sourya@umich.edu

Science Translational Medicine
|June 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Influenza virus significantly increases susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) by ~100-fold, a strong but brief interaction. This resolves conflicting study findings across individual and population scales.

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Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice
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Published on: April 14, 2011

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: January 17, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Infectious disease dynamics
  • Microbial pathogenesis
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The interaction between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a proposed polymicrobial system.
  • Individual-scale studies show a clear association, but human epidemiological data are inconclusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the nature, timing, and magnitude of the influenza-pneumococcus interaction.
  • To reconcile conflicting findings from different study scales.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of weekly incidence reports with a mechanistic transmission model.
  • Application of a likelihood-based inference framework.

Main Results:

  • Influenza infection increases susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia by approximately 100-fold.
  • The interaction is strong but short-lived.
  • Modest population-level impacts were inferred from strong individual-level effects.

Conclusions:

  • The study resolves the dichotomy between individual and population-level observations of the influenza-pneumococcus interaction.
  • Accurate characterization supports improved clinical care and public health strategies for pneumococcal pneumonia.