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Related Concept Videos

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Introduction to Psychological Disorders01:19

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
Deviance in behavior refers to actions or thought patterns that significantly diverge from societal norms or...
Psychosexual Theory of Development01:14

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development suggests that early childhood experiences significantly shape personality and behavior. Freud proposed that development is discontinuous, occurring in five distinct stages, each defined by a focus on different erogenous zones. He believed that failure to resolve the conflicts specific to each stage successfully could result in fixation, potentially influencing behavior as adults.
The Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud's psychosexual...

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Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Published on: September 6, 2024

DSM-5 ASD moves forward into the past.

Luke Y Tsai1, Mohammad Ghaziuddin

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2385 Placid Way, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA, lyctsai@umich.edu.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
|June 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The DSM-5 merged autism subtypes into autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but research shows significant differences between Asperger's disorder (AsD), autistic disorder (AD), and PDDNOS. These findings challenge the single ASD category, suggesting distinct subtypes remain relevant for research and clinical practice.

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Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Published on: July 31, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) consolidated pervasive developmental disorder subtypes into Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
  • This consolidation was based on the assumption that these subtypes are not reliably distinguishable.
  • This review critically examines the empirical evidence supporting this assumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the validity of merging Asperger's disorder (AsD) and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) into a single Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category.
  • To evaluate comparative studies differentiating Asperger's disorder (AsD) and Autistic Disorder (AD).
  • To assess studies comparing Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) and Autistic Disorder (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of comparative studies examining Asperger's disorder (AsD) versus Autistic Disorder (AD).
  • Systematic review of comparative studies examining Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) versus Autistic Disorder (AD).
  • Analysis of findings regarding quantitative and qualitative differences between diagnostic subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Out of 125 studies comparing Asperger's disorder (AsD) and Autistic Disorder (AD), 95 identified significant quantitative and qualitative differences, contradicting the notion of similarity.
  • Of 37 studies comparing Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) and Autistic Disorder (AD), 28 reported significant quantitative and qualitative differences.
  • The empirical data reviewed does not support the DSM-5's conceptualization of AD, AsD, and PDDNOS as a single, unified category of ASD.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the DSM-5's decision to merge subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders into a single Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category.
  • Evidence suggests that meaningful distinctions between Asperger's disorder (AsD), Autistic Disorder (AD), and PDDNOS persist.
  • Future research and clinical practice should continue to explore and acknowledge the heterogeneity within the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) spectrum.