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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes
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Published on: March 9, 2019

A bioinspired associative memory system based on enzymatic cascades.

Kevin MacVittie1, Jan Halámek, Vladimir Privman

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers designed a novel biomolecular system that mimics associative memory using enzymatic reactions. This system exhibits "training" and "forgetting" capabilities, mirroring biological memory in a synthetic biocatalytic cascade.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Systems Chemistry

Background:

  • Biological memory is complex, involving intricate molecular mechanisms.
  • Current artificial memory systems often lack the adaptability and dynamic range of biological counterparts.
  • Enzymatic reactions offer a promising avenue for creating responsive and dynamic biomolecular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate the first in vitro biomolecular system capable of associative memory.
  • To investigate the implementation of memory-like functions (training and forgetting) using enzymatic reactions.
  • To establish a foundation for novel biocatalytic memory devices.

Main Methods:

  • Design of a synthetic biomolecular network utilizing specific enzymatic reactions.
  • Implementation of a 'training' protocol involving substrate input to establish associations.
  • Development of a 'forgetting' mechanism based on reaction dynamics and substrate depletion.
  • In vitro characterization of the system's response to varying input conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successful design and in vitro realization of an associative memory system based on enzymatic cascades.
  • Demonstration of distinct 'training' phases where the system learns associations.
  • Observation of 'forgetting' phenomena, where learned associations decay over time.
  • The system's memory function is directly linked to the kinetics and interplay of the biocatalytic reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic reactions can be harnessed to create functional biomolecular associative memory systems.
  • The designed system provides a novel platform for exploring synthetic memory in vitro.
  • This work opens possibilities for developing bio-inspired computing and information storage technologies.