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Updated: May 10, 2026

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

Published on: July 22, 2022

Effective dose from direct and indirect digital panoramic units.

Gun-Sun Lee¹, Jin-Soo Kim, Yo-Seob Seo

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.

Imaging Science in Dentistry

|June 29, 2013

Summary

Direct digital panoramic units deliver higher effective doses than indirect ones, ranging from 8.9 to 37.8 µSv. Radiation risk assessment requires standardized dosimetry and phantom-based gender-specific measurements.

Keywords:

Radiation Dosage Radiography, Dental, Digital Radiography, Panoramic

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Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

Published on: March 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Radiological Physics
Medical Imaging
Radiation Dosimetry

Background:

Digital panoramic radiography is widely used in dentistry.
Accurate effective dose assessment is crucial for radiation protection.
Variations in dose measurements exist between different panoramic units.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare effective dose measurements from direct and indirect digital panoramic radiography units.
To investigate the influence of phantom type and exposure parameters on dose.
To establish standardized methods for radiation risk assessment in dental radiography.

Main Methods:

Utilized head and whole-body phantoms representing average male and female individuals.
Employed Lithium Fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips for dose measurement.
Evaluated four digital panoramic units (two direct, two indirect) following ICRP 2007 guidelines.

Main Results:

Effective doses ranged from 8.9 µSv to 37.8 µSv across the evaluated units.
Direct digital units yielded higher effective doses (37.8 µSv, 27.6 µSv) compared to indirect units (8.9 µSv, 15.9 µSv) using the head phantom.
Effective doses varied based on phantom gender, TLD placement, and kilovoltage peak (kVp).

Conclusions:

Standardized TLD placement and exposure settings are essential for consistent effective dose assessment.
Gender-specific effective dose surveys using appropriate phantoms are necessary for accurate radiation risk evaluation.
Comparative dose measurements inform the selection of safer dental radiographic equipment.