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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Published on: August 10, 2017

Hypoxia and gene expression in eukaryotic microbes.

Geraldine Butler¹

¹School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;

Annual Review of Microbiology

|July 2, 2013

Summary

Eukaryotic microbes adapt to low oxygen by regulating gene transcription. While some use ancient sterol regulators, fungi may use Upc2, impacting virulence.

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Eukaryotic microbes exhibit significant transcriptional regulation in response to low-oxygen (hypoxic) conditions.
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are ancient transcriptional regulators involved in sterol synthesis across many eukaryotic microbes.
In certain fungi, SREBPs have been superseded by the zinc-finger transcription factor Upc2.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the transcriptional regulation mechanisms in eukaryotic microbes under hypoxic conditions.
To compare the roles of SREBPs and Upc2 in fungal hypoxia response.
To elucidate the oxygen-sensing pathways and their impact on microbial metabolism and virulence.

Main Methods:

Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of microbial responses to hypoxia.

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Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

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Studies on the regulation of nuclear localization of fungal SREBPs via proteolysis.

Investigation of oxygen-sensing mechanisms involving heme, sterols, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species.

Main Results:

SREBPs, of ancient origin, regulate sterol synthesis in most eukaryotic microbes.
The fungal transcription factor Upc2 has replaced SREBPs in some species.
Nuclear localization of fungal SREBPs is controlled by regulated proteolysis.
Hypoxia triggers changes in central carbon metabolism (glycolysis and respiration) in some fungi.
Hypoxia adaptation is a key virulence factor in pathogenic fungi.

Conclusions:

Transcriptional regulation is central to eukaryotic microbial adaptation to hypoxia.
Fungal hypoxia response involves conserved and lineage-specific regulators like SREBPs and Upc2.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial, as hypoxia adaptation contributes to the virulence of pathogenic fungi.