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Related Concept Videos

Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
X-inactivation01:58

X-inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
Lethal Alleles02:41

Lethal Alleles

Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
12:11

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

Published on: May 11, 2017

IL26 gene inactivation in Equidae.

M Shakhsi-Niaei1, M Drögemüller, V Jagannathan

  • 1Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland; Genetics Group, Science Faculty, University of Shahrekord, Rahbar Boulevard, Shahrekord, Iran.

Animal Genetics
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The Interleukin-26 (IL26) gene, part of the IL10 cytokine family, is non-functional in horses and some other mammals. This gene shows high variability and has been lost multiple times during evolution.

Keywords:
IL26Przewalski horsedonkeyevolutionhorseimmune systeminterleukin

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
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Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

Published on: May 11, 2017

Production of Apolipoprotein C-III Knockout Rabbits using Zinc Finger Nucleases
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Production of Apolipoprotein C-III Knockout Rabbits using Zinc Finger Nucleases

Published on: November 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin-26 (IL26) is a cytokine belonging to the IL10 family.
  • The IL26 gene resides within a conserved gene cluster alongside IFNG and IL22.
  • Unlike humans, mice possess a non-functional IL26 gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and functionality of IL26 orthologs across vertebrate species.
  • To identify the evolutionary trajectory and conservation patterns of the IL26 gene.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of vertebrate sequences.
  • Identification of IL26 orthologs and assessment of gene integrity.
  • Analysis of IL26 gene transcription and alternative splicing in equids.

Main Results:

  • Functional IL26 orthologs are absent in mice, horses, donkeys, African elephants, and European hedgehogs.
  • A frameshift deletion in exon 2 inactivates the IL26 gene in domestic horse, Przewalski horse, and donkey.
  • Despite inactivation, the horse IL26 gene yields five alternative transcripts lacking a conserved open reading frame.
  • Independent inactivation events of the IL26 gene occurred multiple times during mammalian evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The IL26 gene exhibits significant evolutionary variability and has been independently lost in several mammalian lineages.
  • The conserved open reading frame of IL26 has been repeatedly lost throughout mammalian evolution, suggesting relaxed selective pressure or functional redundancy.