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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Ribosome profiling provides evidence that large noncoding RNAs do not encode proteins.

Mitchell Guttman1, Pamela Russell, Nicholas T Ingolia

  • 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. mguttman@caltech.edu

Cell
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for cellular regulation. New research shows ribosome occupancy alone doesn't prove translation, suggesting most lncRNAs don't create proteins.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators in cellular processes.
  • Evidence suggests lncRNAs function directly as RNA molecules, not protein products.
  • Recent studies showing ribosome binding to lncRNAs raised questions about their protein-coding potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if ribosome occupancy is a reliable indicator of protein-coding potential in lncRNAs.
  • To develop a robust method for distinguishing between coding and noncoding transcripts.
  • To clarify the functional role of lncRNAs in cellular regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ribosome occupancy across different RNA classes (lncRNAs, classical noncoding RNAs, 5' UTRs).
  • Development and application of a novel metric based on ribosome release at stop codons.
  • Validation of the metric to discriminate between protein-coding and noncoding transcripts.

Main Results:

  • Ribosome occupancy is not sufficient to classify transcripts as coding or noncoding.
  • Classical noncoding RNAs and 5' UTRs exhibit similar ribosome occupancy to lincRNAs.
  • The novel stop codon-based metric accurately differentiates coding from noncoding transcripts.
  • The majority of lncRNAs do not appear to be translated into functional proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosome binding alone is an unreliable marker for protein translation.
  • A stop codon-dependent release mechanism is a more accurate discriminator of coding potential.
  • The findings strongly suggest that most large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) do not function via protein products.
  • This research clarifies the functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in cellular regulation.