Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because succinylcholine...

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics

All neuromuscular blocking agents are injected intravenously because they are poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Rapid onset is achieved with intravenous administration, although absorption is also adequate from an intramuscular injection. Since these agents are highly ionized, they do not readily penetrate cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier.
Instead, they are transported by the blood to different tissues. Muscles with a greater blood supply (arteries) and blood flow receive more...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of odontogenic jaw cysts treated by decompression technique.

Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP·2021

Same author

A rare case report of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.

Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP·2019

Same author

Facial dog attack injuries.

The Indian journal of surgery·2015

Same author

Facial nerve injuries associated with the retromandibular transparotid approach for reduction and fixation of mandibular condyle fractures.

Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·2015

Same author

Midline submental intubation might be the preferred alternative to oral and nasal intubation in elective oral and craniomaxillofacial surgery when indicated.

Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons·2014

Same author

Topical review: the enigma of fibromyalgia.

Journal of oral & facial pain and headache·2014

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Prolonged peripheral nerve blockade in patients using lithium carbonate.

Pavan Manohar Patil¹

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Dr. H.G. Jagadeesh), School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

|July 2, 2013

Summary

Patients on lithium carbonate experienced prolonged anesthesia after dental nerve blocks. This suggests lithium may affect local anesthetic duration, requiring further investigation for safe oral surgery.

Keywords:

Anaesthesia Duration Lithium Nerve blockade

More Related Videos

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Published on: July 14, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Published on: July 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Oral Surgery
Anesthesiology
Pharmacology

Background:

Peripheral nerve blocks using local anesthetics are standard for oral surgery.
Factors like tissue conditions, systemic health, and medications can influence nerve block effectiveness.

Observation:

Two patients on chronic oral lithium carbonate therapy received standard inferior alveolar, lingual, long buccal, greater palatine, and posterior superior alveolar nerve blocks with lidocaine and adrenaline.
These patients experienced unusually prolonged anesthesia following third molar extractions.

Findings:

A potential link between systemic lithium therapy and the extended duration of peripheral nerve blocks was observed.
The study explores the possible mechanisms by which lithium might influence local anesthetic action.

Implications:

This finding highlights the importance of considering patient medication, such as lithium, when planning oral surgical procedures.
Further research is needed to elucidate the interaction between lithium and local anesthetics to ensure patient safety and optimize anesthetic management.