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Carbon Skeletons01:12

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Development of the Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva FLare EXperience Revised (FOP-FLEX-R©) Questionnaire: A patient-reported outcome measure.

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Scoliosis in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: A Report of 4 Cases.

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Identifying global trends from case reports of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a scoping review.

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Thoracic Deformity in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

The skeleton in the closet.

Frederick S Kaplan1

  • 1Isaac & Rose Nassau Professor of Orthopaedic Molecular Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Frederick.Kaplan@uphs.upenn.edu

Gene
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder with unknown historical origins. Research over centuries has focused on understanding this condition, exemplified by Harry Eastlack's skeleton.

Keywords:
ACVR1/ALK2BMPFOPFibrodysplasia ossificans progressivaactivin A receptor, type I/activin receptor-like kinase 2bone morphogenetic proteinfibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Medical history
  • Genetics
  • Rare diseases

Background:

  • Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) has been documented since 1740.
  • Historical medical accounts provide early descriptions of FOP.
  • The condition's origins remain unknown.

Discussion:

  • Scientific and medical contributions over 250 years have advanced FOP understanding.
  • The skeleton of Harry Eastlack is a significant focal point for research.
  • The Mutter Museum houses this important case study.

Key Insights:

  • FOP is a rare genetic disorder.
  • Historical documentation is crucial for understanding rare diseases.
  • Case studies like Harry Eastlack's are vital for scientific progress.

Outlook:

  • Continued research into FOP's origins and mechanisms is essential.
  • Further study of historical cases may reveal more about FOP.
  • Preservation of significant case studies aids future medical discovery.