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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies
06:53

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

Published on: July 4, 2017

Continued growth after limited physeal bridging.

Justin C Kennon1, Timothy M Ganey, Raymond Glenn Gaston

  • 1*Department of Orthopaedics, Atlanta Medical Center ‡Skeletal Educational Association, Atlanta, GA †Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Small physeal bridges after femur injury may not impede growth. Normal growth forces can overcome limited central bridging, allowing continued longitudinal development.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies
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Published on: December 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Skeletal Growth and Development
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Physeal injuries can lead to growth disturbances, notably transphyseal bridging, causing deformities.
  • Small physeal bridges might permit continued growth instead of impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the growth implications of small, central physeal bridges in the distal femur.
  • To determine if limited transphyseal bridging affects longitudinal growth.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of seven patients with distal femur physeal bridges.
  • Review of demographic data and imaging studies (radiography, MRI).

Main Results:

  • Radiography revealed small, central transphyseal osseous bridges with a proximal linear osseous density.
  • MRI confirmed intrametaphyseal linear sclerotic bone that resolved with diaphyseal remodeling.
  • Only one patient experienced significant leg length inequality.

Conclusions:

  • Small, central transphyseal osseous bridges can develop post-acute physeal injury.
  • Physiological growth forces are often sufficient to overcome limited central bridging.
  • Continued, near-normal longitudinal growth is possible despite small central physeal bridges.