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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...

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Remodeling lesions locate at sites of strong extravillous trophoblast invasion and are associated with neutrophil presence in the human first-trimester decidua.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
14:40

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

[Maternal-placental interactions and fetal programming].

M Kadyrov1, G Moser, W Rath

  • 1Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Deutschland.

Zeitschrift Fur Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adverse pregnancy complications and intrauterine environments increase adult risks for chronic diseases. Understanding placental programming disruptions is key to preventing long-term health issues.

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The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
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The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo

Published on: August 2, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
14:40

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
12:17

The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo

Published on: August 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and developmental programming.
  • Maternal-fetal medicine and placental function.
  • Epidemiology of chronic disease risk factors.

Context:

  • Pregnancy complications pose risks for maternal and fetal health.
  • Adverse intrauterine environments are linked to adult chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
  • Factors such as stress, diet, and environmental exposures during pregnancy can impact long-term health outcomes.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the link between pregnancy complications and later-life disease risk.
  • To emphasize the placenta's critical role in fetal development and metabolic regulation.
  • To underscore the need to investigate mechanisms underlying placental dysfunction.

Summary:

  • The placenta regulates nutrient and hormone exchange, crucial for fetal development.
  • Disruptions in placental trophoblast function, seen in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, can lead to fetal undernutrition and hypoxia.
  • These insults adversely affect fetal organ development, particularly the brain and heart, with unknown underlying mechanisms.

Impact:

  • Identifying mechanisms of placental dysfunction can inform preventative strategies for chronic diseases.
  • Understanding fetal programming by the intrauterine environment is vital for improving lifelong health.
  • Research into trophoblast differentiation disturbances may reveal targets for therapeutic interventions.