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Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.
Types of Fever01:25

Types of Fever

Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:
Patterns of Fever01:26

Patterns of Fever

Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.
Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
06:43

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Altered mental status and fever.

Tokunbo Ajayi1, Ashmeet Bhatia, Barbara Lambl

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, Massachusetts, USA.

BMJ Case Reports
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNND) requires high suspicion in immunocompromised patients. Early WNND diagnosis is crucial, especially in elderly individuals with altered mental status and aseptic meningitis symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the USA, with a significant mortality rate of 10-30%.
  • Prompt diagnosis of WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is critical, particularly in at-risk populations.

Observation:

  • A 61-year-old woman with Crohn's disease and fibromyalgia on chronic steroid therapy presented with fever, confusion, and lethargy.
  • Lumbar puncture revealed lymphocytosis and WNV positivity, leading to a WNND diagnosis after initial broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment.

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation mimicked aseptic meningitis, highlighting the need for a high index of suspicion for WNND in immunocompromised individuals with altered mental status.
  • Genetic variations in the interferon response pathway may influence symptomatic WNV infection risk and disease progression.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
06:43

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering WNND in the differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in immunocompromised patients.
  • Further research into genetic factors influencing WNV susceptibility and severity could lead to improved patient management and outcomes.