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Updated: May 10, 2026

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

Physical restraint usage at a teaching hospital: a pilot study.

Antoinette Barton-Gooden¹, Pauline E Dawkins², Joanna Bennett³

¹University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies antoinette.bartongooden@uwimona.edu.jm.

Clinical Nursing Research

|July 2, 2013

Summary

High physical restraint use in hospitals, at 75%, was observed, with nurses and doctors lacking formal training. Healthcare professionals reported moral distress due to inadequate support and potential patient harm from restraint practices.

Keywords:

hospital medical doctors nurses restraints

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Area of Science:

Medical Sociology
Nursing Practice
Healthcare Management

Background:

Physical restraint is a controversial practice in healthcare settings.
Understanding healthcare professionals' perceptions and training is crucial for improving patient care.
Previous research indicates varied prevalence and ethical concerns surrounding restraint use.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the prevalence of physical restraint usage in medical-surgical and psychiatric units.
To explore nurses' and doctors' perceptions regarding physical restraint practices.
To assess the formal training received by healthcare professionals on applying physical restraints.

Main Methods:

A mixed-methods approach combining direct observation and chart audits.
Quantitative data collection involved observing 172 adult patients and auditing 47 patient charts.
Qualitative data were gathered through thematic analysis of focus group discussions with nurses and doctors.

Main Results:

A high prevalence of physical restraint use was found, reaching 75% in medical-surgical wards.
Nurses and doctors reported no formal training in restraint application, learning instead through peer observation.
Healthcare professionals expressed negative emotions (sadness, guilt, fear) and identified inadequate institutional support.

Conclusions:

High physical restraint prevalence, coupled with a lack of formal training and support, contributes to moral distress among healthcare professionals.
Inadequate institutional support and training may increase the risk of patient injury.
Further research and policy development are needed to address ethical challenges and improve patient safety related to restraint use.