Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tremor pathophysiology.

Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same author

Diagnostic significance of rhythmicity in postural hand tremor.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Multifaceted Mesodiencephalic Triangles: Insights into Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration and Oculopalatal Tremor Pathophysiology.

Cerebellum (London, England)·2025

Same author

Association Between Tremor Severity and Caregiving Intensity in Essential Tremor.

Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Work and Activity Impairment in Individuals with Essential Tremor.

Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Myorhythmia: A Quantitative Study of Synchrony and Rhythmicity Between the Head and Upper Limbs.

Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Defining dystonic tremor.

Rodger J Elble¹

¹Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 751 North Rutledge, PO Box 19643, Springfield, IL 62794-9643, USA.

Current Neuropharmacology

|July 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dystonia and tremor are closely linked, often misdiagnosed as essential tremor. A proposed new classification, primary tremor, aims to improve research into tremor disorders and their relationship with dystonia.

Keywords:

Dystonia essential tremor tremor.

More Related Videos

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Area of Science:

Neurology
Movement Disorders

Background:

A long-standing association exists between dystonia and tremor.
Two recognized forms of tremor in dystonia are dystonic tremor and tremor associated with dystonia.
These tremors often mimic essential tremor, leading to diagnostic challenges and debated relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the diagnostic complexities and research limitations arising from the current classification of tremor disorders.
To propose a new classification system that better facilitates research into the causes and relationships of tremor syndromes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing knowledge on dystonia and tremor.
Analysis of diagnostic challenges and misdiagnosis patterns.
Proposal of a new classification framework for tremor disorders.

Main Results:

Mild dystonia is frequently overlooked in tremor patients, causing misdiagnosis.
Essential tremor is recognized as a syndrome, not a distinct disease, hindering research.
A new classification of 'primary tremor' is proposed for disorders where tremor is the main symptom.

Conclusions:

The current classification of essential tremor impedes understanding of tremor syndromes and their link to dystonia.
The proposed 'primary tremor' classification will broaden research focus to genetic and environmental factors.
This new approach aims to clarify the relationship between primary tremor disorders, dystonia, and other neurological conditions.