Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...

Pigmentation

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Cancer

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of total gastrectomy on weight and body composition: A retrospective study.

Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·2026

Same author

Lebrikizumab off-therapy remission sustained up to 38 weeks in atopic dermatitis.

The Journal of dermatological treatment·2026

Same author

Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients: New (and Old) Frontiers in Management, a Narrative Review.

Nutrients·2025

Same author

A patient-mediated implementation strategy to improve nutrition care delivery for esophageal and gastric cancer: a study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Journal of health, population, and nutrition·2025

Same author

Race-based differences in serum biomarkers for cancer-associated cachexia in a diverse cohort of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Communications medicine·2025

Same author

ASO Visual Abstract: Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes Following Pathologic Complete Response for Esophageal Cancer.

Annals of surgical oncology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

Published on: May 20, 2019

Melanoma genotypes and phenotypes get personal.

Jose M Pimiento¹, Eileen M Larkin, Keiran Sm Smalley

¹Division of Surgical Oncology, Lacks Cancer Center at Mercy Health-Saint Mary's, CHE/Trinity Health, Inc, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.

Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology

|July 3, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Melanoma treatment has advanced significantly, offering durable remissions through understanding its complex genetics and immune pathways. Challenges remain in drug resistance and sunlight

More Related Videos

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Published on: May 18, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

Published on: May 20, 2019

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Published on: May 18, 2018

Area of Science:

Oncology
Dermatology
Genetics

Background:

Metastatic melanoma was historically a terminal diagnosis.
Recent advancements in understanding melanoma's etiology and pathophysiology have transformed its treatment.
Durable remissions are increasingly observed globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the significant progress in melanoma research and treatment.
To highlight the challenges and future directions in combating melanoma.
To underscore the evolving role of pathologists in personalized melanoma care.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on melanoma genetics, epigenetics, and immunology.
Analysis of novel technological methods and clinical protocols.
Discussion of the transition towards molecularly informed diagnostics and pharmacogenomics.

Main Results:

Melanoma's complex genomic landscape is being navigated with novel technologies.
Personalized treatment strategies are emerging based on molecular and immune pathways.
Pathologists are crucial in identifying subtypes and developing companion diagnostics.

Conclusions:

Melanoma is no longer a single disease, necessitating subtype identification and tailored therapies.
Overcoming drug resistance and understanding sunlight's role are key future challenges.
Lessons learned from melanoma are applicable to other aggressive cancers.