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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise
06:17

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

Learning to navigate: experience versus maps.

Tobias Meilinger1, Julia Frankenstein, Heinrich H Bülthoff

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. tm@fennel.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Cognition
|July 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People utilize distinct spatial memory systems for navigation and location tasks. Route knowledge and survey knowledge rely on separate environmental representations, influencing how we perceive and interact with familiar spaces.

Keywords:
NavigationReference frameRoute knowledgeSpatial memorySurvey knowledgeVirtual environment

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Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Published on: October 8, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Humans employ distinct types of spatial knowledge: route knowledge for navigation and survey knowledge for metric localization.
  • These knowledge systems are often assumed to draw from unified environmental representations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether route knowledge and survey knowledge are supported by independent or shared memory systems.
  • To examine the role of different reference frames in spatial tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a route-recall task and a pointing (survey) task within a virtual 3D model of their home city.
  • Route decisions were indicated via keyboard, while pointing tasks assessed metric location accuracy.
  • Error rates and response latencies were analyzed for both tasks under different perspective conditions (walking vs. aerial).

Main Results:

  • Route recall errors and latencies were uncorrelated with pointing task performance, suggesting independent memory representations.
  • Fewer routing errors occurred from a horizontal walking perspective compared to a constant aerial perspective.
  • This indicates the use of different, likely multiple, egocentric reference frames for navigation, contrasting with the allocentric frame used in the survey task.

Conclusions:

  • Route knowledge and survey knowledge are based on separate, independent memory systems for the same environment.
  • Navigation relies on multiple, experience-derived reference frames, whereas localization often uses a single, map-like frame.
  • Environmental knowledge is flexibly applied based on task demands.