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Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

Striatal shape in Parkinson's disease.

Nicholas W Sterling¹, Guangwei Du, Mechelle M Lewis

¹Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.

Neurobiology of Aging

|July 4, 2013

Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) causes significant striatal atrophy, particularly in the caudal putamen and caudate head. This brain atrophy pattern in PD patients correlates with dopamine depletion.

Keywords:

Caudate Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Morphology Parkinson's disease Putamen Shape Striatum Structure Volume

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Published on: February 14, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Radiology

Background:

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.
Previous research indicates reduced striatal volume and caudate head atrophy in PD patients.
The precise spatial distribution of putaminal atrophy in PD remains uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

To precisely map the locations of atrophy within the putamen and caudate nuclei in Parkinson's disease.
To investigate the spatial relationship between striatal volume changes and the known pattern of dopamine depletion in PD.

Main Methods:

Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using T1- and T2-weighted sequences was performed on 40 PD patients and 40 age- and gender-matched controls without dementia.
Advanced shape analysis techniques were applied to doubly segmented regions of interest within the putamen and caudate.
Statistical comparisons were made to quantify differences in volume and surface contraction magnitudes between PD subjects and controls.

Main Results:

PD subjects exhibited significantly reduced volumes in both the putamen (p = 0.0003) and caudate (p = 0.0003) compared to controls.
The greatest surface contraction magnitudes, indicative of atrophy, were observed in the caudal putamen and the head and dorsal body of the caudate nucleus (p ≤ 0.005).
These findings reveal a specific spatial pattern of striatal atrophy in PD.

Conclusions:

The observed pattern of striatal atrophy in Parkinson's disease, concentrated in the caudal putamen and caudate head/dorsal body, aligns with the known distribution of dopamine depletion.
This spatial correlation suggests that striatal atrophy in PD may be a consequence of widespread cellular remodeling processes linked to dopaminergic neurodegeneration.