Regenerative glutamate release by presynaptic NMDA receptors contributes to spreading depression

Spreading depression (SD) is a slowly propagating neuronal depolarization that underlies certain neurologic conditions. The wave-like pattern of its propagation suggests that SD arises from an unusual form of neuronal communication. We used enzyme-based glutamate electrodes to show that during SD induced by transiently raising extracellular K(+) concentrations ([K(+)]o) in rat brain slices, there was a rapid increase in the extracellular glutamate concentration that required vesicular exocytosis but unlike fast synaptic transmission, still occurred when voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels (VGSC and VGCC) were blocked. Instead, presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) were activated during SD and could generate substantial glutamate release to support regenerative glutamate release and propagating waves when VGSCs and VGCCs were blocked. In calcium-free solutions, high [K(+)]o still triggered SD-like waves and glutamate efflux. Under such a condition, glutamate release was blocked by mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitors that likely blocked calcium release from mitochondria secondary to NMDA-induced Na(+) influx. Therefore presynaptic NMDA receptor activation is sufficient for triggering vesicular glutamate release during SD via both calcium entry and release from mitochondria by mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Our observations suggest that presynaptic NMDARs contribute to a cycle of glutamate-induced glutamate release that mediate high [K(+)]o-triggered SD.