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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
06:29

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Published on: November 29, 2017

Minimising pain response during routine infant immunisation.

Anne McGowan1, Simon Cottrell, Richard Roberts

  • 1Vaccine Preventable Disease Programme, Public Health Wales. anne.mcgowan2@wales.nhs.uk

Community Practitioner : the Journal of the Community Practitioners' & Health Visitors' Association
|July 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study found no difference in parental perception of infant distress between simultaneous and sequential vaccinations. However, preliminary pain behavior observations suggest sequential injections may cause more distress, warranting further research.

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Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants
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Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Published on: December 20, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Immunology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Infants in the UK receive nine vaccinations by 13 months.
  • Minimizing pain and distress during infant immunizations is crucial.
  • Current clinical practices for administering multiple vaccines vary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare pain and distress levels in infants receiving simultaneous versus sequential vaccinations.
  • To evaluate the evidence base for current infant immunization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • A small randomized controlled trial involving 72 infants aged two to six months.
  • Infants were randomly assigned to receive two injections either simultaneously or sequentially.
  • Parental perception of distress and observed infant pain behaviors were measured.

Main Results:

  • Parents' perceptions of infant distress showed no significant difference between simultaneous and sequential vaccination techniques.
  • Preliminary analysis of observed pain behaviors indicated statistically significant differences in distress at four time points post-vaccination, favoring simultaneous injections.

Conclusions:

  • Parental perception does not differentiate distress between simultaneous and sequential infant vaccinations.
  • Observed infant pain behaviors suggest potential differences requiring larger studies for confirmation.
  • Further research is needed to validate findings on pain behavior and inform optimal vaccination practices.