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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Classification of Systems-II

Classification of Systems-II

Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2021

Electrocardiogram classification using delay differential equations.

Claudia Lainscsek¹, Terrence J Sejnowski

¹Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

|July 5, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nonlinear delay differential equations (DDEs) analyze electrocardiographic (ECG) data to identify heart conditions. This method accurately detects atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, and normal heartbeats using short ECG recordings.

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Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

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Published on: May 23, 2021

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Published on: November 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Dynamical systems theory
Biomedical signal processing
Nonlinear time series analysis

Background:

Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings are crucial for diagnosing heart conditions.
Traditional methods for ECG analysis often require extensive data segments.
Understanding the nonlinear dynamics of the heart can improve diagnostic accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To apply nonlinear delay differential equations (DDEs) for analyzing short ECG segments.
To identify distinguishing features of normal heart rhythm, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.
To determine the optimal DDE model structure for accurate cardiac condition classification.

Main Methods:

Utilized global DDE models to analyze 5-minute ECG data segments.
Employed an exhaustive search to select the most discriminative DDE model order and nonlinearity.
Investigated the relationship between DDE terms (linear and nonlinear) and signal properties.

Main Results:

The DDE models achieved high accuracy in classifying heart conditions from short ECG recordings.
Detected atrial fibrillation with 72% accuracy, congestive heart failure with 88% accuracy, and normal heart rhythm with 97% accuracy.
Demonstrated that nonlinear terms in DDEs capture complex couplings within ECG signals.

Conclusions:

Nonlinear DDEs offer a powerful approach for analyzing ECG time series data.
This method enables accurate and efficient diagnosis of various heart conditions using significantly shorter data intervals.
The study highlights the potential of DDEs for uncovering nonlinear dynamics in biomedical signals.