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Updated: May 10, 2026

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

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Novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses.

Stephen G Preston1, Juraj Majtán, Chrisoula Kouremenou

  • 1Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Plos Pathogens
|July 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

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Hard ticks use salivary proteins like Japanin to suppress dendritic cell (DC) activity, reprogramming immune responses and potentially aiding pathogen transmission. This study identifies a new mechanism of immune evasion by ticks.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hard ticks transmit diverse pathogens due to prolonged feeding, facilitated by immune evasion strategies.
  • Tick saliva contains immunoactive components that modulate host immunity, but specific effects on dendritic cells (DCs) are not well understood.
  • Dendritic cells are crucial for initiating and regulating adaptive immunity, making them key targets for parasitic manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ixodid metastriate ticks produce salivary molecules that specifically modulate dendritic cell (DC) activity.
  • To identify and characterize novel tick salivary proteins involved in immune subversion.

Main Methods:

  • Protein isolation via chromatography from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick salivary glands.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Published on: May 18, 2018

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  • Cloning and recombinant protein production using a baculoviral expression system.
  • Assessment of DC modulation using flow cytometry and Luminex multiplex assays on human-derived DCs.

    • Main Results:

    • Japanin, a 17.7 kDa N-glycosylated lipocalin, was isolated and shown to specifically reprogram DC responses to various stimuli in vitro.
    • Japanin altered DC expression of co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory molecules and modulated cytokine secretion, including inhibiting DC differentiation from monocytes.
    • Homologous proteins in related tick species also exhibited DC-modulatory activity.

    Conclusions:

    • A novel mechanism of parasite-induced subversion of adaptive immunity involving specific DC modulation by tick salivary lipocalins is proposed.
    • This immune modulation may facilitate pathogen transmission by ticks.
    • Identified tick salivary proteins offer new targets for understanding host-parasite interactions and developing control strategies.