The effect of various hearing protectors on sound localization in the horizontal and vertical planes

Listeners were tested under free head/torso movement conditions, using a brief pulsed broadband noise signal presented from any 1 of 20 loudspeakers in two intersecting hemicircumferential arrays: one in the horizontal plane, one in the vertical. The listeners' task was to judge the whereabouts of each signal while listening in normal, open-ears conditions or while wearing various types of standard or electronic earmuffs or compressible foam earplugs. Results showed that listeners could accomplish the task successfully in normal (open-ear) conditions. Results using earplugs, nonelectronic earmuffs, and two types of dichotic (dual microphone) electronic earmuffs showed decrements in performance similar to each other. These decrements took the general form of loss of appreciation of the vertical plane and of front-rear differences in the horizontal plane. Lateral discrimination was blurred but otherwise intact. Of two diotic (single microphone) electronic earmuffs, one completely disrupted localization function and the other came close to it.