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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

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Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
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Nitrite in organ protection.

Tienush Rassaf1, Peter Ferdinandy, Rainer Schulz

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

British Journal of Pharmacology
|July 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is therapeutically important. Modulating these levels offers new cytoprotective strategies and potential for organ protection.

Keywords:
nitric oxidenitrite

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway has gained significant therapeutic interest.
  • Nitrate and nitrite levels can be modulated to influence NO signaling.
  • This pathway is crucial for various physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current literature on the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway.
  • To provide an overview of nitrite's potential in organ protection.
  • To highlight novel cytoprotective strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis.
  • Analysis of existing research on NO pathway modulation.
  • Evaluation of studies on nitrite's role in organ protection.

Main Results:

  • The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is a key area in therapeutic research.
  • Modulation of nitrate and nitrite levels impacts S-nitros(yl)ation.
  • Nitrite shows promise as a therapeutic agent for organ protection.

Conclusions:

  • The NO pathway presents novel opportunities for cytoprotective therapies.
  • Targeting nitrate and nitrite levels is a viable strategy for organ protection.
  • Further research into nitrite's therapeutic applications is warranted.