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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion01:29

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion

The respiratory system, fundamental to life, consists of complex structures responsible for gas exchange. The percussion assessment is critical to understanding this system's health and functionality. This non-invasive assessment technique allows healthcare providers to evaluate the density or aeration of the lungs, thereby identifying potential abnormalities.
Percussion in Respiratory Assessment
Percussion evaluates underlying tissue composition with audible and tactile vibrations,...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Tinnitus.

David Baguley1, Don McFerran, Deborah Hall

  • 1Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|July 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tinnitus, a common yet debilitating symptom, lacks effective drug treatments. Current management focuses on hearing aids, sound therapy, and counseling, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) showing promise.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Tinnitus is a prevalent and often debilitating symptom.
  • Identified risk factors include hearing loss, ototoxic medications, head injury, and depression.
  • Differential diagnosis should consider otological disease, anxiety, and depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of tinnitus, its risk factors, and available treatments.
  • To highlight the limitations in current therapeutic options and research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tinnitus mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of the evidence base for existing interventions.

Main Results:

  • No universally effective drug treatments for tinnitus are currently available.
  • Hearing aids for hearing loss, sound therapy, and counseling are established treatments.
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) shows potential but has limited availability, especially tinnitus-specific CBT in the UK.

Conclusions:

  • The strongest evidence supports a combination of sound therapy and CBT-based counseling.
  • Clinical trials face challenges due to the diverse nature of tinnitus patients.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective treatments for tinnitus.