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Updated: May 10, 2026

Cultivation of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus: An Immunomodulatory Nematode Parasite and its Secreted Products
Published on: April 6, 2015
Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths
William C Gause1, Thomas A Wynn, Judith E Allen
1Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2757, USA.
Abstract:
Helminth-induced type 2 immune responses, which are characterized by the T helper 2 cell-associated cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, mediate host protection through enhanced tissue repair, the control of inflammation and worm expulsion. In this Opinion article, we consider type 2 immunity in the context of helminth-mediated tissue damage. We examine the relationship between the control of helminth infection and the mechanisms of wound repair, and we provide a new understanding of the adaptive type 2 immune response and its contribution to both host tolerance and resistance.
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