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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Optimized Protocols for Mycobacterium leprae Strain Management: Frozen Stock Preservation and Maintenance in Athymic Nude Mice

Optimized Protocols for Mycobacterium leprae Strain Management: Frozen Stock Preservation and Maintenance in Athymic Nude Mice

Published on: March 23, 2014

Primary neural leprosy: systematic review.

José Antonio Garbino¹, Wilson Marques, Jaison Antonio Barreto

¹Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, São Paulo,SP, Brazil. garbino.blv@terra.com.br

Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria

|July 6, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines primary neural leprosy diagnosis and treatment. It synthesizes evidence on clinical, laboratory, and molecular investigations, alongside treatment protocols for leprosy.

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Published on: July 15, 2011

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Optimized Protocols for Mycobacterium leprae Strain Management: Frozen Stock Preservation and Maintenance in Athymic Nude Mice

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Published on: March 23, 2014

DNA Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium leprae Strains Using Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) - Fragment Length Analysis (FLA)

DNA Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium leprae Strains Using Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) - Fragment Length Analysis (FLA)

Published on: July 15, 2011

Area of Science:

Medical microbiology
Infectious diseases
Neurology

Background:

Leprosy remains a significant global health challenge, particularly its neurological manifestations.
Primary neural leprosy presents diagnostic and therapeutic complexities.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a systematic review of current concepts in primary neural leprosy.
To evaluate diagnostic and treatment strategies based on scientific evidence.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Lilacs/SciELO, and Embase databases.
Classification of studies by evidence levels (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine).
Review of cutaneous, neurological, serological, and molecular investigations, and treatment protocols.

Main Results:

Comprehensive review of diagnostic methods including skin examinations, biopsies, smears, Mitsuda's reaction, electromyography, and nerve biopsies.
Evaluation of serological tests (e.g., phenolic glycolipid 1 antibody detection) and molecular methods (e.g., polymerase chain reaction).
Analysis of treatment criteria, including steroid therapy and cure assessment.

Conclusions:

The review provides an evidence-based overview of primary neural leprosy.
Highlights the importance of integrated diagnostic approaches and standardized treatment guidelines.