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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development.

Ryan Lister1,2, Eran A Mukamel3, Joseph R Nery1

  • 1Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation patterns change significantly during brain development, with non-CG methylation (mCH) becoming dominant in human neurons. This study maps these dynamic changes across the lifespan, revealing insights into learning and memory.

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Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Published on: August 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation plays a crucial role in mammalian brain development, plasticity, learning, and memory.
  • Understanding the dynamic changes in DNA methylation across the lifespan is essential for comprehending brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in the human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan.
  • To investigate the role of non-CG methylation (mCH) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in neuronal development and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) for DNA methylation analysis at single-base resolution.
  • Analysis of DNA methylation dynamics in human and mouse frontal cortex across different lifespan stages.
  • Single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) mapping.

Main Results:

  • Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coinciding with synaptogenesis.
  • Highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, becoming the dominant methylation form in the human neuronal genome.
  • An mCH signature was identified for genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation.
  • hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain.
  • Tet2 activity is crucial for CG demethylation at hmC-poised loci.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic DNA methylation changes, particularly the accumulation of neuronal mCH, are critical during brain development and synaptogenesis.
  • These findings provide a comprehensive resource for understanding the epigenetic regulation of neuronal function, learning, and memory.
  • The study highlights the distinct roles of mCH and hmC in neuronal epigenomes and their dependence on specific enzymatic activities like Tet2.