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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
03:19

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Giant vesical calculus.

S Aliyu1, N Ali, A G Ibrahim

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. nuhualinvwa@yahoo.com

Nigerian Journal of Medicine : Journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Giant bladder calculi are rare, with a 1.6 kg stone removed from a Nigerian man. This case highlights the potential for large vesical calculi to grow with minimal symptoms, requiring surgical intervention.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Medical Case Reports

Background:

  • Giant bladder calculi are uncommon in contemporary urology.
  • Many large bladder stones develop with subtle or minimal symptoms.

Observation:

  • A 1.6 kg bladder stone was surgically removed from a 48-year-old Nigerian male.
  • The massive calculus caused significant urinary frequency, necessitating open vesicolithotomy.

Findings:

  • The 1.6 kg stone measured 3cm x 9.5cm x 9.2cm and comprised calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, magnesium phosphate, and uric acid.
  • The stone adhered to a hypertrophied bladder wall; biopsy confirmed no malignancy.
  • Post-operative recovery included 10 days of bladder drainage and a discharge urine flow rate of 20 ml/sec.

Implications:

  • Giant vesical calculi, though rare, can present asymptomatically or with minimal symptoms.
  • Investigating lower urinary tract obstruction is crucial, though not always the cause.
  • Mixed stone composition is common, often associated with urinary tract infections.