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Negative Regulator Molecules

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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

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X-chromosome...

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

Pseudogenes as regulators of biological function.

Ryan C Pink¹, David R F Carter

¹School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.

Essays in Biochemistry

|July 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudogenes, once thought functionless, are transcribed into RNA. These non-coding RNA transcripts can regulate other genes, influencing organismal traits and challenging evolutionary inertness.

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Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

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Published on: August 21, 2016

Area of Science:

Genetics
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Pseudogenes are gene copies that have lost protein-coding ability.
Historically, pseudogenes were considered evolutionarily inert and non-functional.
Recent findings challenge this long-held view of pseudogene function.

Purpose of the Study:

To define pseudogenes and their origins.
To present evidence of pseudogene transcription into RNA.
To explore the regulatory mechanisms of pseudogene transcripts.

Main Methods:

Literature review of pseudogene research.
Analysis of experimental evidence for pseudogene transcription.
Description of molecular mechanisms for pseudogene-mediated gene regulation.

Main Results:

Pseudogenes arise from gene duplication or mutation.
Pseudogenes are transcribed into non-coding RNAs.
These transcripts can influence gene expression and phenotype.

Conclusions:

Pseudogenes are not evolutionarily inert.
Pseudogene transcripts possess regulatory functions.
Pseudogenes represent a dynamic layer of genetic regulation.