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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Published on: May 15, 2017

Temperature-induced structural phase transitions in a two-dimensional self-assembled network.

Matthew O Blunt1, Jinne Adisoejoso, Kazukuni Tahara

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F B2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. m.blunt@ucl.ac.uk

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied the structural phase transition of self-assembled molecules on a surface. They found that considering the solvent is crucial for accurately modeling porous networks, impacting future predictive models for 2D self-assembly.

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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Surface science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular self-assembly at liquid-solid interfaces is complex, often yielding diverse structures from identical molecular building blocks.
  • Understanding the factors governing the formation of different network morphologies is key to controlling self-assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a structural phase transition between densely packed and porous phases of an alkylated dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivative.
  • To determine the thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy and entropy) of this transition.
  • To compare experimental findings with simulations and theoretical calculations, emphasizing the role of the solvent.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was employed to observe the self-assembled structures.
  • The influence of temperature and concentration on the structural phases was systematically studied.
  • A thermodynamic model was utilized to quantify enthalpy and entropy changes.

Main Results:

  • A distinct structural phase transition was observed between a densely packed and a porous phase of the DBA derivative.
  • Enthalpy and entropy changes associated with the transition were successfully measured.
  • Experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical calculations when solvent effects were incorporated.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the critical importance of including solvent effects in models of porous self-assembled networks.
  • Structural phase transitions provide a powerful approach for investigating the thermodynamics of 2D self-assembly.
  • These findings will aid in developing more accurate predictive models for 2D supramolecular self-assembly.