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Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Common Respiratory Disorders

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...

Breathing

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Published on: January 28, 2020

Airways disorders and the swimming pool.

Valérie Bougault¹, Louis-Philippe Boulet

¹Department of Sport sciences and Physical education, Université Droit et Santé Lille 2, E.A. 4488, Lille F-59000, France. valerie.bougault@univ-lille2.fr

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America

|July 9, 2013

Summary

Swimming in indoor chlorinated pools may increase asthma and allergy risks. This review examines the effects on swimmers

Keywords:

Airways Asthma Chlorine Exercise Swimming

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Respiratory Medicine
Allergology

Background:

Chlorine disinfectants in indoor pools are widely used but linked to respiratory concerns.
A growing body of evidence suggests a potential association between chlorinated pool exposure and asthma development.
The specific impact on swimmers, particularly elite athletes, warrants detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the effects of indoor chlorinated pool swimming on airway inflammation and remodeling in swimmers.
To examine the phenotypic characteristics of asthma in swimmers exposed to chlorinated environments.
To discuss potential preventative measures against adverse respiratory effects.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on indoor pool environments and respiratory health.
Analysis of studies focusing on airway inflammation and remodeling in competitive swimmers.
Examination of asthma phenotypes in relation to swimming exposure.

Main Results:

Indoor chlorinated pool environments are associated with increased airway inflammation and potential remodeling.
Swimmers, especially elite athletes, exhibit specific asthma phenotypes possibly linked to chlorine exposure.
Evidence suggests a link between chlorine derivatives and the exacerbation or development of respiratory conditions.

Conclusions:

Exposure to disinfectants in indoor swimming pools may negatively impact respiratory health.
Further research and preventative strategies are needed to mitigate risks for swimmers.
Understanding the specific mechanisms is crucial for protecting athletes and recreational swimmers.