Isoswinholide B and swinholide K, potently cytotoxic dimeric macrolides from Theonella swinhoei
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Updated: May 10, 2026

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria
Published on: October 25, 2024
Annamaria Sinisi1, Barbara Calcinai, Carlo Cerrano
1Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Abstract:
Chemical investigation of an Indonesian specimen of Theonella swinhoei afforded the new dimeric macrolides isoswinholide B (5) and swinholide K (6), along with the known swinholides A (1), B (2) and D (3) and isoswinholide A (4). Isoswinholide B showed an unprecedented 21/19' lactonization pattern, while swinholide K included an sp(2) methylene attached at C-4 and an additional oxymethine group at C-5, whose configuration has been determined through application of J-based configuration analysis. The isolated swinholides (1-6), with the exception of isoswinholide B, showed a cytotoxic activity on HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma cell line) in the nanomolar range.
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