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Updated: May 9, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Compact pulse width modulation circuitry for silicon photomultiplier readout.

M F Bieniosek1, P D Olcott, C S Levin

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. mbieni@stanford.edu

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel gated integrator circuit for positron emission tomography (PET) systems, improving signal processing by reducing noise and enabling multiplexing of detector channels. This advancement simplifies PET readout electronics, enhancing performance and efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Nuclear Instrumentation
  • Electronics Engineering

Background:

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems require simplified readout electronics due to increasing channel counts.
  • Pulse-width modulation (PWM) offers a digital approach to PET signal processing, reducing complexity.
  • Existing integrator-based PWM systems (charge-to-time converters or QTCs) suffer from long dead-times and noise integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel QTC-based PWM circuit with a gated integrator for improved PET readout.
  • To enhance signal-to-noise ratio by integrating only high-quality signal portions.
  • To enable multiplexing of multiple photodetector channels within a single PWM circuit.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a QTC-based PWM circuit incorporating a gated integrator with an analog switch.

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  • Implemented the gated integrator to control signal integration periods.
  • Utilized the circuit for readout of position-sensitive solid-state photomultipliers (PS-SSPMs).

    • Main Results:

    • The gated integrator PWM circuit demonstrated performance improvements over standard QTCs.
    • Successful identification of a 4x4 array of LYSO crystals (0.9mm x 0.9mm x 15mm) on a 5mm x 5mm PS-SSPM.
    • Achieved twofold multiplexing without performance degradation, indicating potential for higher ratios.

    Conclusions:

    • The gated integrator PWM circuit effectively reduces dead-time and improves signal quality in PET systems.
    • This technology simplifies PET readout electronics, offering a compact and efficient solution.
    • The multiplexing capability allows for further system integration and potential cost reduction.